Luanne: I hope that Singaporeans everywhere would put in efforts to conserve water as water is a precious resource in Singapore. If people in Singapore make en effort to do so, I believe that the water resources in Singapore will last for many generations to come.
Jerrell Lim: I want to save our world so let us work together to help Singapore.
Yadong Zhang: I think everyone should cherish water.
Alves Goh: I felt that after doing this project, my teammates and I learned many facts about water and more about the past, present and future of Singapore's water needs. I appreciate that the teachers chose this as our project.
Sunday, March 18, 2012
Saturday, March 17, 2012
Group Members
Leader/Writer : Luanne Lai
Editor: Jerrell Lim
Photographer: Yadong Zhang ( Sorry I can't put your pictures in)
Alves Goh
Credits to :
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100312195559AAzLD8o
hhttp://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100312195559AAzLD8o
ttp://www.education.com/question/soap/
http://www.watergymex.org/Watergy%20Toolkit/resources/activities-dsm-case8.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Singapore
Editor: Jerrell Lim
Photographer: Yadong Zhang ( Sorry I can't put your pictures in)
Alves Goh
Credits to :
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100312195559AAzLD8o
hhttp://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100312195559AAzLD8o
ttp://www.education.com/question/soap/
http://www.watergymex.org/Watergy%20Toolkit/resources/activities-dsm-case8.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Singapore
The PUB, the Future and How to Conserve Water
PUB ( Public Utilities Board )
-PUB stands for “The Public Utilities Board”.
-PUB, the national water authority in Singapore, is responsible for providing an adequate and reliable supply of potable water. The water supply system that PUB manages comprises 17 raw water reservoirs, six water treatment plants and about 4,800 kilometres of pipelines.
Conservation Ways from them
-The various measures implemented under the plan are continually being reviewed and new measures introduced. Aspects covered under the plan include:
-Public education and publicity programs .
-Mandatory installation of water saving devices.
-Water audits for and encouragement of water recycling practices by customers .
-Use of non-potable water, such as industrial water and seawater, as a substitute for potable water to the extent possible.
Future ( by 2060)
By the time the long-term water supply agreement with Malaysia expires in 2061,
-Singapore wants to be self-sufficient in terms of water supply.
-Reclaimed water would meet 40%
-Desalination 30%
-In addition to the 20% supplied by internal catchments.
-NEWater is expected to provide about 50% of Singapore water needs by 2060.
What We Can Tell The Public About Singapore's Water Shortage And How To Conserve Water
-We can try to encourage the public about the importance of water and why we have to conserve it
-We can encourage the public to save water
-We can give some tips to the public on how to save water in their everyday life
-We can tell the public on how to reuse their water for non-potable use ( See Measures)
Measures
-We can choose those water appliances and fittings with a Water Efficiency Label on it.
-We can also install thimbles in taps and showerheads to reduce the amount of water usage .
-We can also reuse our used water to wash the floor , water plants and so on.
Facts about Water in Singapore
-An average person uses about 154 litres of water a day.
-Singapore uses about 380 million gallons of water a day.
-2/3 of its land is used to collect rainwater.
-All the water collected from places such as drains and reservoirs are treated and reused
-Among all water treated, rainwater is the cheapest.
Deep Tunnel Sewerage System
-It collects used water which are discharged from homes and buildings .
-This separates network underground , and prevent used water contaminating rainwater collected for the water supply.
-This tunnels which carries used water are piped to NEWater plants for treatment to become NEWater.
-Excess used water are discharged to the sea.
Factors On the Demand Of Potable Water in Singapore
-Growing demand for low-cost, potable water in the regional and global context is driven by several key factors, namely:
-Population growth (this is a primary driver of water demand in Singapore , as we are having one of the fastest growing population).
-Increased industrial output (as economies grow, they need more water to fuel their industries, and power generation is a major consumer of water).
-Rising incomes (domestic water usage increases in tandem with incomes).
-Urbanization (the greater the population density, the lower the precipitation per head – hence cities, even in relatively “wet” countries, often struggle to manage their water resources).
-Singapore uses about 380 million gallons of water a day.
-2/3 of its land is used to collect rainwater.
-All the water collected from places such as drains and reservoirs are treated and reused
-Among all water treated, rainwater is the cheapest.
Deep Tunnel Sewerage System
-It collects used water which are discharged from homes and buildings .
-This separates network underground , and prevent used water contaminating rainwater collected for the water supply.
-This tunnels which carries used water are piped to NEWater plants for treatment to become NEWater.
-Excess used water are discharged to the sea.
Factors On the Demand Of Potable Water in Singapore
-Growing demand for low-cost, potable water in the regional and global context is driven by several key factors, namely:
-Population growth (this is a primary driver of water demand in Singapore , as we are having one of the fastest growing population).
-Increased industrial output (as economies grow, they need more water to fuel their industries, and power generation is a major consumer of water).
-Rising incomes (domestic water usage increases in tandem with incomes).
-Urbanization (the greater the population density, the lower the precipitation per head – hence cities, even in relatively “wet” countries, often struggle to manage their water resources).
Tuesday, March 13, 2012
In the Past........
In the past we had 2 main rivers:
- Singapore River
- Kallang River
A Bit of History:
-Singapore's first reservoir was the Mac Ritchie reservoir, built by British in 1867.
-More reservoirs needed to be built when Singapore started to progress.
-Thus two local reservoirs were added to the rapidly modernising colonial city.
-The Public Utilities Board took over the control of water after independence in 1965.
Some Facts
-The water in these rivers we polluted so people were advised to avoid
the rivers .
-Between September 1945 and March 1946, during which it also served as the headquarters of the British governor general for Southeast Asia.
However much of the infrastructure had been destroyed, including electricity, water supply systems and many more. This cause many disruptions and many suffered. By late 1947, the economy began to recover, facilitated by the growing demand for tin and rubber around the world. But it would take several more years before the economy returned to pre-war levels.
-Singapore began a program of water recycling
– the action of transforming wastewater into clean freshwater. However, its experimental treatment plant was closed just a year later when cost and reliability issues proved too problematic to overcome.
Conclusion:
We can conclude that Singapore has used many methods to try to conserve the scarce amount of water on our tiny island city. The PUB has came up with many schemes to encourage our citizens to save water and teach them the importance of it. Therefore, we should try to conserve water whenever we can and not waste it unnecessary as it is a precious resource to us.
- Singapore River
- Kallang River
A Bit of History:
-Singapore's first reservoir was the Mac Ritchie reservoir, built by British in 1867.
-More reservoirs needed to be built when Singapore started to progress.
-Thus two local reservoirs were added to the rapidly modernising colonial city.
-The Public Utilities Board took over the control of water after independence in 1965.
Some Facts
-The water in these rivers we polluted so people were advised to avoid
the rivers .
-Between September 1945 and March 1946, during which it also served as the headquarters of the British governor general for Southeast Asia.
However much of the infrastructure had been destroyed, including electricity, water supply systems and many more. This cause many disruptions and many suffered. By late 1947, the economy began to recover, facilitated by the growing demand for tin and rubber around the world. But it would take several more years before the economy returned to pre-war levels.
-Singapore began a program of water recycling
– the action of transforming wastewater into clean freshwater. However, its experimental treatment plant was closed just a year later when cost and reliability issues proved too problematic to overcome.
Conclusion:
We can conclude that Singapore has used many methods to try to conserve the scarce amount of water on our tiny island city. The PUB has came up with many schemes to encourage our citizens to save water and teach them the importance of it. Therefore, we should try to conserve water whenever we can and not waste it unnecessary as it is a precious resource to us.
Sunday, March 11, 2012
The 4 National Taps of Singapore
TAP 1:Water from local catchments.
There are 17 reservoirs .
The reservoirs are: Bedok Reservoir, Changi Creek Reservoir, Fort Canning Reservoir,Jalan Eunos Service Reservoir, Jurong Lake, Kallang Service Reservoir, Kranji Reservoir, Lower Peirce Reservoir, Lower Seletar Reservoir, MacRitchie Reservoir, Marina Reservoir, Murai Reservoir, Murnane Service Reservoir, Pandan Reservoir, Poyan Reservoir, Pulau Tekong Reservoir, Sarimbun Reservoir, South End Reservoir, Tengeh Reservoir, Serangoon Reservoir, Upper Peirce Reservoir, Upper Seletar Reservoir
-We cannot increase the area of the water catchments due to the lack of space in Singapore.
-Currently, Singapore uses two separate systems to collect rainwater and used water.
-Rainwater is collected through a comprehensive network of drains, canals, rivers and storm water collection ponds before it is channelled to Singapore's 17 reservoirs for storage. This makes Singapore one of the few countries in the world to harvest urban storm water on a large scale for its water supply.
TAP 2:Imported Water.
-The agreement with Malaysia for this imported water will expire in 2061.
-For now this imported water provides 30% of our water needs.
TAP 3:NEWater.
-Although this is a reused water, The water is safe for human consumption.
-NEWater is treated with advance membrane technology .
-Small percentage is mixed with reservoir water before being treated for the drinking water supply.
-It contains nothing but Sodium Hydroxide and Water.
-Sodium Hydroxide is used to reduce alkalinity of water.
-NEWater is globally consummated .The percentage of NEWater consummated is 20% to 30%.
TAP 4:Desalination
-The first plant was opened in September 2005.
-This method is very expensive to produce because of high consumption of energy.
-People are still looking into technology and for now this method is not very useful.
-The plant, located at Tuas, can produce 30 million imperial gallons (140,000 m3) of water each day. Worth S$200 million, it is one of the biggest in the world and meets 10 percent of the country's water needs. The plant also produces bottled water called the Desal H2O.
-This plant is one of the region’s largest seawater reverse-osmosis plants.
There are 17 reservoirs .
The reservoirs are: Bedok Reservoir, Changi Creek Reservoir, Fort Canning Reservoir,Jalan Eunos Service Reservoir, Jurong Lake, Kallang Service Reservoir, Kranji Reservoir, Lower Peirce Reservoir, Lower Seletar Reservoir, MacRitchie Reservoir, Marina Reservoir, Murai Reservoir, Murnane Service Reservoir, Pandan Reservoir, Poyan Reservoir, Pulau Tekong Reservoir, Sarimbun Reservoir, South End Reservoir, Tengeh Reservoir, Serangoon Reservoir, Upper Peirce Reservoir, Upper Seletar Reservoir
-We cannot increase the area of the water catchments due to the lack of space in Singapore.
-Currently, Singapore uses two separate systems to collect rainwater and used water.
-Rainwater is collected through a comprehensive network of drains, canals, rivers and storm water collection ponds before it is channelled to Singapore's 17 reservoirs for storage. This makes Singapore one of the few countries in the world to harvest urban storm water on a large scale for its water supply.
TAP 2:Imported Water.
-The agreement with Malaysia for this imported water will expire in 2061.
-For now this imported water provides 30% of our water needs.
TAP 3:NEWater.
-Although this is a reused water, The water is safe for human consumption.
-NEWater is treated with advance membrane technology .
-Small percentage is mixed with reservoir water before being treated for the drinking water supply.
-It contains nothing but Sodium Hydroxide and Water.
-Sodium Hydroxide is used to reduce alkalinity of water.
-NEWater is globally consummated .The percentage of NEWater consummated is 20% to 30%.
TAP 4:Desalination
-The first plant was opened in September 2005.
-This method is very expensive to produce because of high consumption of energy.
-People are still looking into technology and for now this method is not very useful.
-The plant, located at Tuas, can produce 30 million imperial gallons (140,000 m3) of water each day. Worth S$200 million, it is one of the biggest in the world and meets 10 percent of the country's water needs. The plant also produces bottled water called the Desal H2O.
-This plant is one of the region’s largest seawater reverse-osmosis plants.
Current Events
Ways to conserve water:
The 10 LITRE challenge
-The 10-Litre Challenge was introduced in 2006 to encourage Singaporeans to reduce their daily water consumption by 10 litres. Besides introducing useful tips on how to save water, the programme also includes other initiatives such as water volunteer groups, a mandatory labelling scheme for water appliances and mandating the use of low-capacity flushing cisterns.
-Run your clothes washer and dishwasher only when they are full. You can save up to 1,000 gallons a month.
-Share water conservation tips with friends and neighbours.
-A quick shower uses around 20-30 gallons less water than a bath. Challenge yourself and your family members to take 5 minute showers.
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